Introduction: Idiopathic infertility is the most common cause of infertility among the males who are usually treated empirically. Two new drugs used in empirical therapy are: Pentoxifylline and L- Carnitine. However, there is no comparison study about their effects. This study aims at comparing the therapeutic effects of Pentoxifylline and L- Carnitine in infertile male patients with Idiopathic Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 38 patients with Idiopathic Asthenospermia during the years of 1385-86 in Mashhad, Iran. In addition to filling out the questionnaire based on demographic data, Spermogram test and analysis were administered during a three- month period.Results: Nineteen male patients were treated with L-Carnitine in 3 months. In 5 cases, the wives (26.3%) got pregnant, but no significant difference was observed the spermogram parameters of the male subjects. On the other hand, in the group treated with Pentoxifylline, the wives of 10 subjects (52.6%) got pregnant and the analysis of the males’ spermograms after the medical therapy revealed significant difference in density parameters as follows: Motility (P=0.011); Spermotility (P=0.0001); Motility Index (P=0.0001).Conclusion: Pentoxifylline showed more promising results for the treatment of male idiopathic infertility.

Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, a hard working contemporary novelist, in one of his writings, has made an autobiography about a problem, which had preoccupied his minds and life for many years. This was his infertility. In this book, the author probes the problem from the beginning of its appearing; his trials for solving it, eventual excitedly reactions of it, and compatibility with being "childlessness". Memories have been designed as form of a novel. In research work, there is always, this possibility that, a quantitative "approach" cause to deprive us from some "qualitative". May be psychological investigation of some novels specially those, which deal with "problem" of author, could fill this emptiness. This matter is the goal of this article for psychological investigation of infertility.

Congenital anomalies of the Mullerian ducts especially uterine abnormalities can affect negatively the different stages of fertility interfering with sperm migration, embryo implantation, normal placentation, fetal growth and achievement of a successful pregnancy. They are present in 2-10% of all women, three times greater in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and lead to infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes in 25% of cases. In general population mean incidence is 3-4%. In women with fertility problems, the incidence is slightly higher at 3-6%. In general, women with recurrent abortions have an incidence of 5-10%, with the highest incidence of Mullerian defects occurring in patients having third-trimester miscarriages (>25%). The most commonly reported anomalies are septate (35%), bicornuate (26%), arcuate (18%), unicornuate (2.4-13%), didelphys (10%). Beside pregnancy complications some uterine anomalies can lead to dysmenorrhea and endometriosis which could further lead to infertility issues. Anomalies mostly result from a defect of development or midline fusion of the Mullerian ducts, their failure to connect with the urogenital sinus or unsuccessful canalization during embryogenesis. These patients have usually normal ovaries and ovarian functions.The septate uterus results from failure of resorption of two fused ducts which leads to the formation of a partial or complete fibromuscular septum. Septate uterus is associated with the highest incidence of reproductive failure. Miscarriage rates up to 90% have been reported which are thought to be the result of poor blood supply in the septum. The preferred treatment modality is hysteroscopic metroplasty which can reduce the miscarriage rate to 14% with 80% term live birth rates compared to 3% before. Controversy exists regarding performing metroplasty in infertile women versus no treatment but in unexplained infertility and also in candidates for IVF with a septate uterus it can be beneficial.The arcuate uterus results from near-complete resorption of the uterovaginal septum. It is characterized by a small intrauterine indentation shorter than 1 cm and located in the fundal region. Compared with other Mullerian malformations, arcuate uterus is clinically benign despite an infrequent association with adverse obstetric outcomes, and may not affect reproductive outcomes. Nevertheless some studies in repeated IVF failures show beneficial effects of resection of the small septum which is thought to have a fibrous tissue structure and abnormal vascularization.The uicornuate uterus results when the Mullerian ducts fail to develop completely or partially. There are four types including unicornuate uterus with a communicating rudimentary horn, with a noncommunicating rudimentary horn, with or without a cavity and an isolated unicornuate uterus. They are usually associated with urinary tract and skeletal anomalies and also relatively poor reproductive results. The highest live birth rates are observed in women with a rudimentary horn with or without a cavity.The bicornuate uterus is the result of incomplete fusion in the Mullerian ducts. Most women have no fertility problem. There is higher mid-trimester pregnancy loss and preterm birth risk after conception. It rarely needs surgical treatment unless in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss, mid-trimester loss, premature birth and unexplained infertility.Uterus didelphys refers to the complete failure of fusion of the Mullerian ducts which results in duplication of the uterine corpus and cervix. It has a relatively good prognosis for fertility with some increase in adverse pregnancy outcomes.Uterine anomalies on the whole should be diagnosed and treated by different modalities not only to improve the patient’s fertility but to maintain the conception when it happens.

One may say that The Open Society and Its Enemies (OS) offered in 1945 the first complete elaboration of the general approach proposed by Karl Popper, namely his ‘critical rationalism’, a bold generalization of the fallibilist falsificationism in the domain of the empirical sciences masterly proposed in Logik der Forschung (1934). The political content of The OS has been critically discussed. Nevertheless, not all people insist on the equally important moral dimension of the book, giving it its unity, I submit. Without morality, no critical discussion, no reason, no open society, let us say in a nutshell. I would argue that according to Popper, a strictly Christian morality of love would not be the appropriate emotional companion of critical rationalism, but that the less demanding moral emotion of sympathy or compassion is perhaps necessary to give it its force against violence. I give some support to this line of argument. In my view, Popper proposed a somewhat unarticulated critical rationalist ‘emotivism’ of sorts. The emotion of compassion is necessary for triggering our moral decisions and values, which are the ultimate basis of the choice for a reason against violence.

This article provides an overview of international developments in the area of infertility counseling. It informs about the development of international organizations and relevant professional standards and describes the need to make counseling accessible to all patients, especially those who experience great distress or display previous vulnerability. Whereas in previous years counseling focused on psychopathology; research shows that on average, men and women experiencing infertility are as healthy as others. Therefore, the aim of counseling is to reduce the emotional burden of infertility, help couples to consider the implication of family building alternatives and provide therapeutic care where relevant. In some instances, counselors also have the task to carry out psychological assessments. For the sake of transparency, it is important to clearly differentiate between these two interventions. Last but not least, this article argues that much of our current knowledge is based on research carried out in Western societies, therefore lacking understanding and appreciation for the meaning of infertility in other cultures. Therefore we need more international debate across cultures to further our understanding and to honor different cultural values.